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\u6458\u00a0 \u00a0\u8981<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65b0\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65e5\u76ca\u5438\u5f15\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u68b3\u7406\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u4e0e\u6f14\u8fdb\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u5171\u8bc6\u4e0e\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u201c\u8ba1\u91cf\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u516c\u4f17\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\u3001\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u5173\u6000\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u7d22\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5386\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7aa5\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u53d8\u9769\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u3002\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7eb3\u5165\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6f84\u6e05\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u62d3\u5c55\u6df1\u5316\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6293\u624b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\uff1b\u00a0\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\uff1b\u00a0\u5a92\u4ecb\u9769\u547d\uff1b\u00a0\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 \u5362\u96c5\u6000\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u4f20\u5a92\u5b66\u9662\u535a\u58eb\u540e\uff0cEmail:luyahuai@pku.edu.cn\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8f6c\u578b\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u627f\u7ee7\u5b66\u79d1\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u4fdd\u6709\u5b66\u79d1\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u5b57\u8f6c\u5411\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u4e0b\u6700\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u53d1\u6398\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u53f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u70b9\u3001\u4e3a\u6570\u667a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u3002\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u4e0d\u65ad\u62d3\u5c55\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65ad\u62d3\u5c55\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5343\u79a7\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u300a<\/span>\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u300b(\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Game Studies<\/em>)\u521b\u520a(2001)\uff0cDiGRA(\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u4f1a\uff0cDigital Games Research Association)\u6210\u7acb(2003)\u7b49\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5230\u4e862010\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u961f\u4f0d\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u201d( Historical Game Studies)\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u540c\u6837\u96be\u4ee5\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d7\u8bad\u80cc\u666f\u6216\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/strong>\u968f\u7740\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u548c\u8def\u5f84\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u9886\u57df\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6253\u5f00\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u6293\u624b\u4e0e\u5207\u5165\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1.1\u00a0\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bf8\u79cd\u8def\u5f84<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u58f0\u540d\u65e5\u663e\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u66f4\u662f\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u9700\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5b66\u754c\u4e2d\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u6709\u56f0\u60d1\u3001\u89c2\u70b9\u5404\u5f02\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u4e00\u5957\u505a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u666e\u904d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ea6\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\uff1f\u5373\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u672a\u6709\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62d3\u65b0\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u5bfc\u5411\u4e43\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5\u5148\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u65e2\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4ee5\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u4e13\u8457\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u7545\u60f3\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u96be\u88ab\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u8868\u4f53\u7cfb\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
1.1.1 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\u4fdd\u5b58\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u6570\u5b57\u5316<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u867d\u5728\u6700\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u521b\u9020\u3001\u589e\u8fdb\u6216\u662f\u4f20\u64ad\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66 \uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u53f2\u5b66\u540c\u884c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd8\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53f2\u6599\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u5370\u8c61\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u60c5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u56fd\u5185\u5916\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u90fd\u9996\u5148\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u53f2\u6599\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u3001\u8d44\u6599\u5e93\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u6599\u6c38\u4e45\u4fdd\u5b58\u7b49\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u65e2\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u53f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u4e0e\u74f6\u9888\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e2\u975e\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6881\u6668\u4e0e\u674e\u4e2d\u6e05\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53f2\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u3001\u6574\u7406\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6839\u57fa\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u4ece19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u5165\u7167\u7247\u3001\u7f29\u5fae\u80f6\u5377\u3001\u5f71\u5370\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u53ef\u5f97\u6027\u4e0e\u5b58\u7559\u65f6\u957f\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5c31\u8d44\u6599\u5e93\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u642d\u5efa\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8981\u907f\u514d\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u6b7b\u5e93\u201d\u6216\u662f\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u5b64\u5c9b\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u8bbe\u5185\u5d4c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u540e\u671f\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5e93\u53ca\u5e73\u53f0\u5efa\u7acb\u4ea4\u6362\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5411\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u53ea\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u201c\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u53f2\u6599\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u6316\u6398\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/strong>\u968f\u7740\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u672c\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u8bbe\u201d\u9010\u6e10\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u591a\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
1.1.2 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u4e0e\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5219\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u72ec\u7279\u4f18\u52bf\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u53d6\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4e0e\u9ad8\u6548\u63d0\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u63a8\u8fdb\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u30021946 \u5e74 2 \u6708\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u901a\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a ENIAC(\u00a0\u7535\u5b50\u6570\u5b57\u79ef\u5206\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a)\u00a0\u5728\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5ba3\u544a\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u540c\u5e74 12 \u6708\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u6253\u5b54\u5361( punched card)\u00a0\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8282\u7701\u641c\u5bfb\u3001\u5f52\u6863\u3001\u63d0\u53d6\u6750\u6599\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u300220\u00a0\u4e16\u7eaa 50\u300160\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u9ece\u660e\u6b63\u503c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4fc3\u751f\u4e86\u8ba1\u91cf\u53f2\u5b66\/\u91cf\u5316\u5386\u53f2 (quantitative history)\u00a0\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300270\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u300180\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u672f\u52a8\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u5f15\u8350\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u3002\u76f4\u81f3 21 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u575a\u4fe1\uff0c\u5927\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u662f\u7a81\u7834\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u6790\u6750\u6599\u3001\u627e\u51fa\u9690\u542b\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u8054\u7cfb\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u66f4\u4e3a\u5fae\u89c2\u6216\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u3001\u957f\u65f6\u6bb5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u4e0e\u6587\u672c\u6316\u6398\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u68b3\u722c\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u6837\uff1b\u6570\u636e\u63d0\u53d6\u548c\u5206\u6790\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u662f\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\u8981\u4ee5\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u53d1\u73b0\u4f20\u7edf\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u505c\u7559\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4eba\u529b\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4ece\u9605\u8bfb\u6863\u6848\u548c\u5370\u5237\u8bfb\u7269\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u501f\u52a9\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u53e3\u8033\u76f8\u4f20\u5230\u6587\u5b57\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4ece\u6284\u672c\u5230\u5370\u5237\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u66f4\u7684\u4e00\u73af\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1.1.3 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u201c\u4e66\u5199\u201c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u654f\u9510\u5bdf\u89c9\u4e0e\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u4e09\u4e16( William G. Thomas III)\u00a0\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a:\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u5173\u4e4e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5173\u4e4e\u5a92\u4ecb\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u53f2<\/span>\u5b66\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u8ba1\u91cf\uff0c\u5374\u5e76\u975e 20\u00a0\u4e16\u7eaa 60\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u8ba1\u91cf\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u627f\u4e0e\u590d\u5174\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u827e\u5c14\u65af( EdwardL. Ayers)\u00a0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u62e5\u62b1\u91cf\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5e94\u7528 ( history and computing)\u00a0\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u5230\u4e86 80\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u9677\u4e8e\u9893\u52bf\uff1b\u8981\u5230 90\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5fae\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u6280\u672f\u3001\u7528\u6237\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6280\u672f\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u63a2\u7d22 \u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 1997-1998 \u5e74\u201c\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d( Virginia Center for Digital History\uff0cVCDH)\u00a0\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u4e09\u4e16\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6307\u4ee3\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u9634\u5f71\u8c37\u201d( The Valley of the Shadow\uff0c1993)\u00a0\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6599\u5e93\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u662f\u201c\u7f57\u4f0a\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u8328\u5a01\u683c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d( Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media)\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e5f\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7ecf\u5178\u300a\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66:\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u6536\u96c6\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u548c\u5448\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\u300b(\u00a0Digital History: A Guide toGathering\uff0cPreserving\uff0cand Presenting the Past on the Web<\/em>\uff0c2005)\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfc\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u6280\u672f\u3001\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5173\u8054\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$ <\/p>\n
\u201c<\/span>\u9634\u5f71\u8c37\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u91cf\u5316\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u5c11<\/strong>\u3002\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u5199\u4f5c\u53d1\u8868\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u8003\u6838\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u5e38\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u74f6\u9888\u5728\u4e8e\u5c1a\u672a\u62ff\u51fa\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u91cd\u70b9\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u6216\u5f71\u97f3\u5a92\u4ecb\u7b49\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u591a\u534a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u672a\u843d\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u8ddf\u8fdb\u3001\u719f\u7a14\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u65b0\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u5b58\u5728\u96be\u5ea6\uff1a\u8bba\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5f15\u9886\u201c\u8303\u5f0f\u201d\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u79ef\u6dc0\u6df1\u539a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u80fd\u4e0a\u624b\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad8\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 GIS \u8fd9\u6837\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u3001\u6280\u672f\u95e8\u69db\u4f4e\u7684\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fc3\u53d1\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u8d85\u6587\u672c( hypertext)\u00a0\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u63a8\u52a8\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5448\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7eb8\u8d28\u6587\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u8bc1\u636e\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u00a0\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u800c\u63a5\u8fd1\u53f2\u5b9e\u7684\u201c\u4e66\u5199\u201d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u63a2\u7d22\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1.1.4 \u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u4ea4\u878d<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5bb6\u91cd\u89c6\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u3002\u6bd4\u59822008\u5e74\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Journal of American History<\/em>)\u00a0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u201d\u5927\u578b\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u201d\u201c\u4ea4\u4e92\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u6027\u201d\u65e2\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u542f\u53d1\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u8d4b\u6743\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u8bfb\u8005\u53d1\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u3001\u6253\u7834\u8bdd\u8bed\u5784\u65ad \u3001\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u201d\u7b49\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8df5\u884c\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u9009\u7528\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u6765\u63a8\u8fdb\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u4e00\u5417?<\/span><\/section>\n
1.2 \u59cb\u4e8e\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u2014\u5a92\u4ecb\u5173\u6000\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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2.1 \u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u7387\u5148\u5173\u6ce8<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5f88\u665a\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u7387\u5148\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u627f\u62c5\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u8001\u5e08\u4eec\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u8f85\u52a9\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u5802\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u300a\u4fc4\u52d2\u5188\u4e4b\u65c5\u300b(1971 \u5e74)\uff0c\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5148\u950b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53cd\u601d\u5219\u76f8\u5bf9\u6ede\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u5230\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u768420\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u7c7b\u520a\u7269\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u677f\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u520a\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5219\u66f4\u665a\uff0c\u4ee5\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5e08\u300b(\u00a0The History Teacher<\/em>) \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff1a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4f1a( SHE) \u4f1a\u520a\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u4e0e\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u520a\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u76f4\u52302001\u5e74\u520a\u767b\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u7535\u5f71\u4e4b\u6559\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u4e00\u7b14\u5e26\u8fc7\u201c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u201c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u503c\u5f97\u73a9\u5473\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u53cd\u5e94\u6ede\u540e\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u7535\u5b50\u201d\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u5802\u4ee5\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u520a\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u7eb8\u7b14\u3001\u5361\u724c\u6216\u662f\u89d2\u8272\u626e\u6f14\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6a21\u62df( simulations) \u6e38\u620f\u8f85\u52a9\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u5802\u4e2d\u65e9\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\uff1b\u5bf9\u6a21\u62df\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u8ba8\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u65e9\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u300b\u5c31\u520a\u8f7d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u89c6\u542c\u6750\u6599\u4e0e\u5404\u7c7b\u6a21\u62df\u6e38\u620f\u7528\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5f15\u5165\u6d3b\u8dc3\u8bfe\u5802\u7684\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u201d\uff0c\u53d6\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u95e8\u69db\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u5feb\u8f6c\u5411\u53d6\u7528\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5bf9\u53f2\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u666e\u53ca\u65b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u8981\u5230 2004 \u5e74\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u4ee5\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u201c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u65af\u5938\u5c14( KurtD. Squire) \u4ee5\u300a\u6587\u660e\u300b(\u00a0Civilization<\/em>) \u8fd9\u4e00\u7b56\u7565\u7c7b\u6e38\u620f( simulation game) \u7684\u5178\u8303\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8003\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff1a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e60\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5355\u8c03\u7684\u80cc\u8bf5\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u758f\u4e8e\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u4f53\u9a8c\u3001\u7ecf\u5386\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u7528\u6e38\u620f\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u65af\u5938\u5c14\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u800c\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span>\u8981\u518d\u8fc7\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u523021\u4e16\u7eaa10\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u53d7\u8bad\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u624d\u4f1a\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u52a0\u5165\u6e38\u620f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u3001\u9769\u65b0\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 2007 \u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14( Andrew McMichael) \u540c\u6837\u4ee5\u300a\u6587\u660e\u300b\u7b49\u7b56\u7565\u6e38\u620f\u4e3a\u91cd\u70b9\u8003\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53cd\u601d\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e3a\u6b64\u80fd\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5e76\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u5230\u4e86 2011 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u5802\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5df2\u7ecf\u521d\u5177\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u5bf9\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u624b\u518c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6770\u91cc\u8fc8\u4e9a\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u5c14( Jeremiah McCall) \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u8f6c\u5411\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027:\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b66\u9662\u53f2\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d8\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u704c\u8f93\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u7740\u91cd\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6280\u827a\u4e0e\u7d20\u517b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u641c\u7d22\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4f30\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u52c7\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u5448\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5a92\u4ecb\u201d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u5b66\u4f1a\u5206\u6790\u9664\u4e86\u624b\u7a3f\u3001\u5370\u5237\u672c\u7b49\u6587\u5b57\u6750\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb\u6750\u6599\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e9f\u9700\u57f9\u517b\u5e94\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u5177\u5907\u89e3\u8bfb\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u65af\u5938\u5c14\u8fd8\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u7b56\u7565\u6a21\u62df\u6e38\u620f\u7eb3\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u8bfe\u5802\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u7528\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u4ee5\u53cd\u601d\u5b66\u9662\u53f2\u5bb6\u2014\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5e08\u2014\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ca\u601d\u8003\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6280\u827a\u4e0e\u7d20\u8d28\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u8f6c\u5411\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b62\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u662f\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u73a9\u610f\uff0c\u8fd8\u6e90\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u4fe1\u5ff5:\u201c\u505a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u7279\u6743\u2026\u2026\u6587\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u505a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u9014\u5f84\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u5206\u6790\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3001\u7528\u65b0\u5a92\u4ecb\u5c55\u73b0\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u5386\u53f2\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u7d20\u517b\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u4e66\u5199\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u4e8c\u624b\u6587\u732e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8be0\u91ca\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6279\u5224\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u8fdb\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5bb6\u5173\u6ce8\u6570\u636e\u6316\u6398\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$ <\/strong><\/section>\n
\u300a\u5168\u9762\u6218\u4e89\u00a0\u6cd5\u8001\u300b<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n<\/section>\n
2.2 \u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u8ddf\u8fdb<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8f85\u52a9\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5c06\u5b83\u5e26\u5165\u8bfe\u5802\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u53bb\u53cd\u601d\u8c01(\u00a0\u6709\u6743)\u00a0\u505a\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u4ec0\u4e48\u5a92\u4ecb\u6765\u505a\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u5173\u6ce8\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u520a\u7269\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u4e13\u520a\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u520a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6216\u65e8\u5728\u201c\u5f15\u9886\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2(\u00a0\u5b66)\u00a0\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u610f\u6b32\u201c\u6311\u6218\u5df2\u6709\u8be0\u91ca\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u53cd\u601d\u4f20\u7edf\u8303\u5f0f\u3001\u62d3\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u672f\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u754c\u5b9a\u4e0a\u8fd8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4f55\u8c13\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7edf\u79f0\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u6162\u6162\u6478\u7d22\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u6b63\u56e0\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53c2\u7167\u6216\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5c06\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u6216\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u5c24\u745e\u5947\u6b27\uff08 William Uricchio\uff092005\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6a21\u62df\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7535\u8111\u6e38\u620f\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5178\u8303\u3002\u5c24\u745e\u5947\u6b27\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5f3a\u8c03\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5305\u62ec\u5f71\u97f3\u591a\u5a92\u4f53\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u518d\u73b0( representation)\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6a21\u62df( simulation)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u63a2\u8ba8\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c24\u745e\u5947\u6b27\u5c06\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7f6e\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e7f\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8303\u5f0f\u53d8\u66f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6e38\u620f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u540e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u5bf9\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3001\u5bf9\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u5c24\u745e\u5947\u6b27\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u8fdb\u884c\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898:\u65e2\u8981\u8bc6\u522b\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u8574\u542b\u7684\u5bf9\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u5c06\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7f6e\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u8303\u5f0f\u53d8\u9769\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u65e9\u671f\u7ecf\u5178\u662f\u514b\u52b3\u8fea\u5965\u00b7\u798f\u53e4( Claudio Fogu\uff092009 \u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u300b\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u4e0e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8f\u5927\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5e76\u975e\u5b64\u7acb\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u8d85\u6587\u672c\u3001\u5bf9\u5f71\u97f3\u6750\u6599\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u518d\u5a92\u4ecb\u5316\u7b49\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u6311\u6218\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u53d9\u4e8b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u7a7a\u95f4\u5316\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u53c8\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5a92\u4ecb\u6280\u672f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e0e\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u63cf\u7ed8\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba9\u73a9\u5bb6\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u201c\u4e66\u5199\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5386\u53f2\u5c06\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u4e4e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5b9e\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4ee5\u964d\u7684\u8bd7\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u5c06\u53d8\u66f4\u4e0e\u98a0\u8986\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u6bd4\u5982 2013 \u5e74\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7\u5361\u666e\u5c14( Matthew Kappell) \u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u5965\u7279( Andrew Elliott) \u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u6e38\u73a9\u8fc7\u53bb:\u6570\u5b57\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u6a21\u62df\u300b(\u00a0Playing with the Past: Digital Games and the Simulation of History<\/em>)\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6478\u7d22\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u6e38\u620f\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u518d\u73b0\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u201c\u518d\u73b0\u201d\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u63cf\u7ed8\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u66f4\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u6bd4\u8d77\u5143\u53f2\u5b66\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u5177\u4f53\u6e38\u620f\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u80dc\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u82f1\u96c4\u53f2\u89c2\u3001\u6027\u522b\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u30022016 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u67e5\u666e\u66fc( Adam Chapman) \u5728\u300a\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5982\u4f55\u518d\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b9e\u8df5\u63d0\u4f9b\u673a\u9047\u300b(\u00a0Digital \u00a0Games as History: How Videogames Represent the Past and Offer Access to Historical Practice<\/em>) \u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f55\u8c13\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u8bbe\u5b9a\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7eb3\u5165\u901a\u4fd7\u53f2( popular history) \u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u518d\u73b0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u901a\u4fd7\u53f2\u6bd4\u5982\u7535\u5f71\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u4e13\u8457\u4e0e\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u671f\u520a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u520a\u540c\u6837\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u201c\u518d\u73b0\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u30022016 \u5e74\uff0c\u300a \u91cd\u601d\u5386\u53f2:\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b(\u00a0Rethinking History. \u00a0The Journal of Theory and Practice<\/em>) \u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u4e13\u9898\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7 \u67e5\u666e\u66fc\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5bfc\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u518d\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6216\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u76f8\u5173\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u3002\u4e13\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u6e38\u620f\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u53cd\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e7b\u60f3\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u53cd\u601d\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e00\u6b3e\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u878d\u5408 \uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u540c\u4e00\u6b3e\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5efa\u6784\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5185\u5bb9\u30022022 \u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u300b(\u00a0History and Theory<\/em>) \u7684\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4e66\u8bc4\u540c\u6837\u5c06\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u5982\u4f55\u518d\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\u201d\uff0c\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u201d\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8fc7<\/span>\u53bb\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u7b49\u5143\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u843d\u5b9e\u4e3a\u66f4\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6cbf\u7528\u600e\u6837\u7684\u3001\u54ea\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u53f2\u89c2\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u56fa\u7136\u91cd\u89c6\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u4ee5\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u505a\u201c\u6a21\u62df\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u518d\u73b0\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u4e0e\u5f71\u89c6\u7b49\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4ecb\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4ecb\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4ecb\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7fbd\u7ffc\u4e0b\u5c55\u5f00\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8be0\u91ca\u4e0e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
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$\"\"$ <\/span><\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
2.3 \u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5168\u9762\u62d3\u5c55<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6700\u5173\u6ce8\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u518d\u7ed3\u5408\u8bc4\u4f30\u63a8\u5e7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u73a9\u5bb6\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e2d\u4e0e\u8bfe\u5802\u5916\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u6e38\u73a9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 2012 \u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u83b1\u5fb7( Jerremie Clyde)\u00a0\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee( Glenn R. Wilkinson)\u00a0\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u6e38\u620f\u6a21\u7ec4\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u548c\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u201c\u6536\u83b7\u201d\u3002\u6e38\u620f\u80fd\u4f20\u9012\u600e\u6837\u7684\u53f2\u5b9e\u548c\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6e38\u620f\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3001\u600e\u6837\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u73a9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9996\u5148\u4ee5\u5b66\u8005\u800c\u975e\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5f80\u5f80\u672a\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u671f\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u8ba9\u6e38\u620f\u6210\u4e3a\u6e38\u620f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u6e38\u73a9\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u827a\u672f\u6216\u6587\u5a31\u4ea7\u54c1\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u632a\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u8131\u79bb\u73a9\u5bb6\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u5219\u4e0d\u591f\u5207\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u53ef\u4f9b\u540e\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e?\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u68b3\u7406\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u4e0e\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u6807\u6746\u6027\u5b66\u672f\u520a\u7269\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u6b63\u65e5\u76ca\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u201c\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u4e3a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5219 2021\u5e74\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u8282\u70b9:\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b(\u00a0<\/span>The American Historical Review<\/em>)\u00a0\u5728\u51762021 \u5e74\u7684\u6625\u5b63\u520a\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4ee5\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e66\u8bc4\u7248\u5757\u4e4b\u5916\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u6e38\u620f\u8bc4\u8bba\u7248\u5757\uff0c\u5bf9<\/span>\u300a\u523a\u5ba2\u4fe1\u6761\u300b<\/span><\/span>( Assassin’s Creed<\/em>)\u00a0\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u56e0\u5176\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u6027\u201c\uff0c\u8ba9\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5206\u4eab\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5929\u7136\u5c31\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u81f3\u4eca\u4e5f\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u548c\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f \uff0c 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u520a\u7269\u300a\u516c\u4f17\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\u521d\u6b21\u520a\u8f7d\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u9876\u520a\u201d\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e 2021 \u5e74\u7684\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73b0\uff0c2022 \u5e74\u4e0e 2023 \u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u53c8\u5206\u522b\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e66\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u6587\u7ae0 \u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u300a\u516c\u4f17\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\u4e5f\u4e8e 2024 \u5e74\u7ee7\u7eed\u5206\u4eab\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u505a\u516c\u5171\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u7b49\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$ \u300a\u523a\u5ba2\u4fe1\u6761\u300b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u66f4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u201c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u770b\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u5b66\u672f\u84dd\u6d77\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u5f00\u62d3\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u96f6\u661f\u7684\u5b64\u5c9b\uff0c\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a2\u7d22\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u591f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e3a\u66f4\u51fa\u73b0\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6570\u5b57\u53f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
3.1\u00a0\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
3.1.1 \u201c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u201d\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u3001\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8bc4\u8bae\u6e38\u620f\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u5386\u53f2\u201c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u201d( accuracy)\u00a0\u4e0e\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u201d( authenticity)\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u53d7\u8bad\u9886\u57df\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b66\u754c\u5171\u8bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u518d\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u591f\u201c\u7cbe\u786e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f53\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u8fdb\u201c\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u53f2\u201d\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u53d7\u8bad\u4e8e\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u53f2\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u53f2\u548c\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u6295\u8eab\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6700\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u6bb5\u3001\u5730\u57df\u3001\u56fd\u522b\uff0c\u81f3\u591a\u80fd\u7ecf\u7531\u672c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u53f2\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u53f2\uff0c\u89e6\u53ca\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7ec6\u8282\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u5b66\u754c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u54ea\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5b66\u754c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u627e\u5230\u4e13\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5c55\u5f00\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6e38\u620f\u5386\u53f2\u518d\u73b0\u4e4b\u201c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u201d\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u867d\u662f\u6700\u6613\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e5f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5e38\u662f\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u865a\u7a7a\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e0e\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u6781\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u53f2\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u53f2\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u547c\u5401\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u95ee\u5377\u548c\u8bbf\u8c08\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
3.1.2 \u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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$\"\"$ <\/span><\/p>\n
\u300a\u82f1\u52c7\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff1a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u300b<\/span><\/section>\n
3.2 \u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5185\u5bb9<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9?\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u521d\u6b65\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5171\u8bc6?\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4ece\u5f53\u4e0b\u6700\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u6700\u521d\u4e5f\u6700\u6fc0\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u5982\u4f55\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u65b0\u6570\u5b57\u5a92\u4ecb\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u79d1\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5219\u4e00\u76f4\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u59cb\u7ec8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u5c55\u671b\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c06\u56f4\u7ed5\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u3001\u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u672a\u6765\u7b49\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u68b3\u7406\u5386\u53f2\u6e38\u620f\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
3.2.1 \u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c31\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u53e4\u5178\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e00\u6218\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bf9\u54ea\u4e9b\u65f6\u6bb5\u6700\u53d7\u6e38\u620f\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u9752\u7750\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790:\u4ee5\u53e4\u4ee3\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4e3a\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u6570\u91cf\u5747\u4e0d\u8db3 10%\uff1b\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u5b9a\u4e8e 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u548c 20\u00a0\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8fd1\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u53c8\u5c24\u5176\u591a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e8c\u6218\u3001\u51b7\u6218\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6218\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f( \u6216\u5386\u53f2\u5f71\u5c04)\u00a0\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8981\u6709\u5356\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u8fce\u5408\u4e43\u81f3\u4e8e\u6fc0\u53d1\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6218\u4e89\u80cc\u666f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5207\u8eab\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
3.2.2 \u7f16\u53f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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3.2.3 \u6e38\u620f\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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3.2.4 \u7535\u5b50\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u672a\u6765<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
$\"\"$ <\/span><\/p>\n
\u300a\u82f1\u96c4\u8fde2\u300b<\/span><\/section>\n
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4<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u7ed3\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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