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2024\u5e7410\u670814\u65e5 00:00<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>\u56db\u5ddd<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u878d\u5408\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u6df1\u5316\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8bd1\u8005\u5fc5\u5907\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u7c73\u5207\u5c14 \u2013 \u8212\u7279\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4ee5\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u91c7\u7528\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u57f9\u517b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u9610\u8ff0\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u542f\u793a\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u529b\u6c42\u63a8\u52a8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a<\/strong>\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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1 \u5f15\u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u5927\u6570\u636e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u878d\u5408\u65e5\u76ca\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u5bf9\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u4f01\u4e1a\u62db\u8058\u8fd8\u662f\u9ad8\u6821\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u5747\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u89c6\u4e3a\u8bd1\u8005\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08Sikora & Walczy\u0144ski\uff0c2015\uff1bRodr\u00edguez-Castro\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7a46\u96f7\u7b49\uff082017\uff1a15\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b9\u5728\u62db\u8058\u8bd1\u5458\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u5e94\u8058\u8005\u719f\u7ec3\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e94\u8058\u8005\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u5e02\u573a\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u5b66\u6307\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff082020\uff09\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u666e\u901a\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u672c\u79d1\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7c7b\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u5b66\u6307\u5357\u300b\u4e5f\u5c06\u201c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u201d\u5217\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u57f9\u517b\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8bd1\u8005\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u73af\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9762\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u9ad8\u6821\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u9769\u65b0\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u6559\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u6027\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u9002\u5e94\u884c\u4e1a\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4eba\u624d\uff08Massey\uff0c2017\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u4ecd\u9762\u4e34\u8bf8\u591a\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u66f4\u65b0\u4e0d\u53ca\u5e02\u573a\u6280\u672f\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ecd\u4ee5\u4f20\u6388\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u7b49\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u6559\u5b66\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u751f\u6001\u8131\u8282\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u573a\u73af\u5883\u6559\u5b66\u8d44\u6e90\u77ed\u7f3a\uff08Doherty & Kenny\uff0c2014\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u5ff5\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u6821\u4f01\u5408\u4f5c\u5171\u5efa\u5b9e\u8df5\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u7b26\u5408\u884c\u4e1a\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u4e9f\u9700\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u8bfe\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u8d44\u6df1\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7c73\u5207\u5c14\u2013\u8212\u7279\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u6267\u7b14\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u9887\u5177\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u6559\u6750\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u57fa\u4e8e\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u9610\u91ca+\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u7684\u7f16\u5199\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7740\u773c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u878d\u201c\u6559\u3001\u5b66\u3001\u505a\u201d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3a\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u601d\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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2 \u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u300a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7f16\u6392\u7d27\u6263\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u878d\u7406\u8bba\u9610\u91ca\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u6307\u5bfc\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u677f\u5757\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0e\u672f\u8bed\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d28\u91cf\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u8d8b\u52bf\u5c55\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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2.1\u00a0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u5177<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u5219\u805a\u7126\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u6838\u5fc3\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\uff1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5e93\u548c\u672f\u8bed\u5e93\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u673a\u7406\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6df1\u5165\u6d45\u51fa\u5730\u6f14\u793a\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u5404\u73af\u8282\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u603b\u7ed3\u63d0\u70bc\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5e93\u7ef4\u62a4\u3001\u672f\u8bed\u63d0\u53d6\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5982\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u672c\u5730\u5316\u5b9a\u5236\u3001\u6570\u636e\u6e05\u6d17\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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2.2 \u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0e\u672f\u8bed\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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2.3\u00a0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d28\u91cf\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u62d3\u5c55\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u5173\u952e\u8bae\u9898\uff1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d28\u91cf\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u68b3\u7406ISO17100\u7b49\u884c\u4e1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u670d\u52a1\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u9610\u91ca\u4e86\u5ba1\u6821\u3001\u8d28\u91cf\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u8bd1\u540e\u7f16\u8f91\u7b49\u73af\u8282\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53d1\u6325\u4eba\u5de5\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u534f\u540c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u4ea4\u4ed8\u6210\u679c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u6d89\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\u5904\u7f6e\u3001\u6570\u636e\u6cc4\u9732\u7b49\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u98ce\u9669\u70b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u5c31\u4fdd\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae\u7b7e\u7f72\u3001\u6570\u636e\u52a0\u5bc6\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u57f9\u8bad\u7b49\u9632\u63a7\u63aa\u65bd\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u53ef\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
2.4\u00a0\u524d\u6cbf\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u8d8b\u52bf\u5c55\u671b<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u672c\u4e66\u7acb\u8db3\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u4e4f\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u3002\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u56f4\u7ed5\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7ba1\u7406\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u5728\u7ebf\u4f17\u5305\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7b49\u65b0\u4e1a\u6001\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u884c\u4e1a\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u5c55\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u6a21\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u667a\u80fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u8bd1\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53c8\u5c31\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u57f9\u8bad\u7b49\u9014\u5f84\u63d0\u5347\u7efc\u5408\u7d20\u517b\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5207\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u5e94\u5bf9\u884c\u4e1a\u53d8\u9769\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u76ca\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u5185\u5bb9\u7f16\u6392\u4e0a\u575a\u6301\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ebf\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u8054\u7cfb\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u6d45\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u6c42\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5f70\u663e\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u6218\u201d\u7279\u8272\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u4e00\u90e8\u9887\u5177\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
$\"\"$ <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
3 \u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\u300a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7acb\u8db3\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u6559\u5b66\u4e3a\u6293\u624b\uff0c\u5728\u9769\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u5b66\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u4f53\u4f8b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
3.1\u00a0\u9769\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u79c9\u6301\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5728\u201c\u505a\u4e2d\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u534f\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5efa\u6784\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5185\u5316\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e94\u805a\u7126\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a2\u7a76\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff08Kiraly\uff0c2005\uff1bMitchell-Schuitevoerder\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u5f15\u9886\u6559\u5e08\u7a81\u7834\u201c\u6ee1\u5802\u704c\u201d\u5f0f\u6388\u8bfe\u7684\u7aa0\u81fc\uff0c\u8425\u9020\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u4e3a\u57f9\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6279\u5224\u601d\u8fa8\u80fd\u529b\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u65b0\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u6750\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7279\u8272\u5728\u4e8e\u642d\u5efa\u4e86\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8054\u901a\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u4e3a\u6559\u3001\u5b66\u3001\u7814\u5404\u754c\u642d\u5efa\u4ea4\u6d41\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5404\u7ae0\u8282\u5747\u9644\u6709\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u9002\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u53ca\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u52a8\u6001\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u9879\u76ee\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u4e5f\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u5b66\u754c\u4e0e\u4e1a\u754c\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u6559\u878d\u5408\u3001\u6821\u4f01\u5408\u4f5c\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u8fd8\u5021\u5bfc\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u878d\u5408\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u738b\u534e\u6811\uff082016\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u6253\u7834\u5b66\u79d1\u58c1\u5792\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5438\u6536\u6280\u672f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u591a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u878d\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u4f26\u7406\u7b49\u4ea4\u53c9\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e0e\u5546\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b49\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5e08\u751f\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f00\u9614\u601d\u8def\u3001\u9769\u65b0\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3a\u8de8\u754c\u590d\u5408\u578b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u62d3\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
3.2\u00a0\u4f18\u5316\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u5b66\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u73af\u8282\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u3001\u4efb\u52a1\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u5ff5\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u6559\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u4ea4\u76f8\u8f89\u6620\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u72ec\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u201c\u9879\u76ee\u9a71\u52a8\u2014\u4efb\u52a1\u7275\u5f15\u2014\u5c0f\u7ec4\u534f\u4f5c\u201d\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u6bcf\u7ae0\u5747\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u5236\u4f5c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u63a5\u53d7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u59d4\u6258\u5230\u4ea4\u4ed8\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5de5\u4f5c\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u626e\u6f14\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u804c\u4e1a\u5316\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u4e60\u5f97\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u8bed\u5883\u8131\u79bb\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u8131\u8282\u7b49\u6559\u5b66\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9879\u76ee\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u6559\u5b66\u9700\u8981\u7075\u6d3b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u5c42\u5c42\u6df1\u5165\u3001\u63a2\u7a76\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8c03\u52a8\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u6240\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u6790\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5408\u4f5c\u8d2f\u7a7f\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u65bd\u59cb\u7ec8\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u660e\u786e\u5206\u5de5\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u4f5c\u5171\u514b\u96be\u5173\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u52a0\u6df1\u77e5\u8bc6\u5185\u5316\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u540c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u5408\u4f5c\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
3.3 \u521b\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u4f53\u4f8b<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u5728\u878d\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u9610\u91ca\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u5b9e\u8df5\u6848\u4f8b\u3001\u7a81\u51fa\u804c\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5411\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4f53\u73b0\u524d\u6cbf\u6027\u3001\u884c\u4e1a\u6027\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u8fd8\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u738b\u5c11\u723d\uff0c2016\uff09\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u7f16\u6392\u4f53\u4f8b\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u6559\u6750\u5efa\u8bbe\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u76ca\u501f\u9274\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u7f16\u6392\u4f53\u4f8b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u603b\u2014\u5206\u2014\u603b\u201d\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u5b8f\u89c2\u5f15\u9886\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5fae\u89c2\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5404\u7ae0\u9996\u5c3e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u201cKey Concepts\u201d\u4e0e\u201cConcluding Remarks\u201d\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u9884\u793a\u548c\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u628a\u63e1\u77e5\u8bc6\u8109\u7edc\uff1b\u201cFurther Reading\u201d\u680f\u76ee\u8865\u5145\u4e86\u7814\u8bfb\u62d3\u5c55\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b66\u4e60\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff1b\u201cFood for Thought\u201d\u8ba8\u8bba\u8bdd\u9898\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65b0\u9896\uff0c\u542f\u8fea\u521b\u65b0\u601d\u8fa8\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u4e86\u6559\u6750\u8d85\u8d8a\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u672c\u4f4d\u201d\u3001\u5173\u6ce8\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7d20\u517b\u57f9\u80b2\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5185\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u548c\u884c\u4e1a\u6027\u628a\u63e1\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u4ea6\u72ec\u5177\u6167\u773c\u3002\u5404\u7ae0\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e3b\u6d41\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5747\u56f4\u7ed5\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u62d3\u5c55\u3001\u4eba\u673a\u534f\u4f5c\u65b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u53d1\u5c55\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u89c1\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4ece\u4e1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u8fd8\u91cd\u70b9\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u8d28\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u7b49\u4e1a\u754c\u5173\u5207\u7684\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u5e94\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u7ea2\u5229\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u98ce\u9669\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5c40\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\u7efc\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u6559\u6750\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u6211\u56fd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u826f\u6027\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u9ad8\u7d20\u8d28\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4eba\u624d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u501f\u9274\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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$\"\u56fe\u7247\"$ <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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4 \u542f\u793a\u610f\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\n
\u672c\u4e66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u672c\u9762\u5411\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u53ef\u501f\u9274\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.1\u00a0\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.1.1 \u8d4b\u6743\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5730\u4f4d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u8981\u660e\u786e\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7a81\u51fa\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u8981\u589e\u5f3a\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u6743\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u5176\u4e3b\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d4b\u6743\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5141\u8bb8\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u4e3b\u9009\u62e9\u5b66\u4e60\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5236\u5b9a\u5b66\u4e60\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u8272\uff08\u5982\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u5ba2\u6237\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u672f\u8bed\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bd1\u8005\u6216\u5ba1\u6821\u4eba\u5458\uff09\uff0c\u8f6e\u6d41\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u5916\u5316\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b66\u751f\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u4f53\u9a8c\u53cd\u9988\u5b66\u4e60\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5b66\u4e60\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u6539\u8fdb\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.1.2 \u6784\u5efa\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f53\u9a8c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u738b\u6811\u69d0\uff0c2010\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60c5\u5883\u5c06\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u5165\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53cd\u601d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56fe\u666f\uff08Bowker\uff0c2015\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u7ffb\u8bd1\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u6216\u8fd1\u4e4e\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u5c06\u5b66\u4e0e\u7528\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u8eab\u4e34\u5176\u5883\u5730\u4f53\u4f1a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5e94\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u8fdb\u5165\u7ffb\u8bd1\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e1a\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6784\u5efa\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u60c5\u5883\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5e26\u9886\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u4f9d\u6258\u73b0\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u771f\u5b9e\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u8bbe\u8ba1\u865a\u62df\u7ffb\u8bd1\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u9080\u8bf7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u884c\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u5165\u8bfe\u5802\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u6240\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7075\u6d3b\u6784\u5efa\u76f8\u5173\u60c5\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.1.3\u00a0\u52a0\u5f3a\u534f\u4f5c\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6784\u5efa<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5e94\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6307\u5b66\u751f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5e08\u751f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u6559\u5e08\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u4f5c\u3002<\/span>\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u52a0\u5f3a\u5e08\u751f\u548c\u751f\u751f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\uff081\uff09\u5728\u8ba1\u5212\u5236\u5b9a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u5171\u540c\u5236\u5b9a\u5207\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\uff082\uff09\u5728\u8ba1\u5212\u6267\u884c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u672f\u652f\u6301\u3002\uff083\uff09\u5728\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5b8c\u6210\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u4e25\u683c\u63a7\u5236\u4efb\u52a1\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u5171\u540c\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\uff084\uff09\u5728\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u6210\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u6790\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u8fd8\u5e94\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b8c\u6210\u8bfe\u540e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\u6240\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.2\u00a0\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.2.1\u00a0\u62d3\u5c55\u5fc5\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u5185\u5bb9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u7531\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u672f\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u80fd\u529b\u4e09\u79cd\u8981\u7d20\u6784\u6210\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u6559\u6750\u504f\u91cd\u5e94\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u5de5\u5177\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u5b9e\u64cd\u7684\u5c55\u793a\uff08\u738b\u5c11\u723d\u3001\u8983\u6c5f\u534e\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f\u4e5f\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u5de5\u5177\u80fd\u529b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6280\u672f\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u8bd1\u8005\u7684\u6280\u672f\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u9047\u5230\u7ffb\u8bd1\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u53ea\u6709\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u6280\u672f\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u627e\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5728\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u7ec3\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u638c\u63e1\u76f8\u5173\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u589e\u5f3a\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u804c\u4e1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7d20\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
4.2.2\u00a0\u6574\u5408\u4f18\u8d28\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u672c\u4e66\u7d27\u8ddf\u7ffb\u8bd1\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\u6301\u7eed\u96c6\u6210\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u6574\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u52bf\u6240\u8d8b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u5c06\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u8bcd\u6c47\u8868\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u8bcd\u5178\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u96c6\u6210\u5230\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u7a97\u53e3\u5207\u6362\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7a97\u53e3\u5373\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4f18\u5316\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6548\u7387\u3002\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u8def\u6574\u5408\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u641c\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u4f18\u8d28\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5177\u6709\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u878d\u5408\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u5f88\u591a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u738b\u534e\u6811\uff0c2016\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90\u8f83\u4e3a\u532e\u4e4f\uff08\u8096\u7ef4\u9752\u3001\u94b1\u5bb6\u9a8f\uff0c2021\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f18\u8d28\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u5408\u5229\u7528\u662f\u5f53\u4e0b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u8003\u8651\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u738b\u5c11\u723d\u3001\u674e\u6625\u59ec\uff0c2021\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
4.2.3 \u517b\u6210\u6b63\u786e\u5b66\u4e60\u89c2\u5ff5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u4e86\u89e3\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u638c\u63e1\u5e38\u7528\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u539f\u7406\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fbf\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e94\u6b63\u786e\u770b\u5f85\u5b66\u4e60\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u4ea7\u751f\u6050\u60e7\u4e4b\u611f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e0d\u5e94\u53ea\u770b\u5230\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u4eab\u53d7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u770b\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u7ea0\u7eb7\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u4f26\u7406\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u89c4\u907f\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6240\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e94\u6811\u7acb\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u5e94\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
4.3 \u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
4.3.1 \u6ce8\u91cd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u5efa\u8bbe\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6210\u7ee9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff1b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6821\u4f01\u878d\u5408\u3001\u4ea7\u5b66\u8054\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6559\u6750\u8986\u76d6\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u4e0d\u5168\u9762\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u6559\u6750\u66f4\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7f16\u8005\u53ef\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u5e08\u8d44\u4e2d\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u884c\u4e1a\u73b0\u72b6\u77e5\u4e4b\u751a\u5c11\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u6559\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u90fd\u8bbe\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bfe\u540e\u7ec3\u4e60\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ec3\u4e60\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6240\u9700\u5de5\u5177\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u9002\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u7b49\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51cf\u8f7b\u6559\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bfe\u540e\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u6559\u5e08\u6709\u6548\u63a8\u8fdb\u6559\u5b66\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u63a2\u8ba8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u8ba8\u8bba\u73b0\u6709\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4f26\u7406\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u672c\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u5e94\u8be5\u5168\u9762\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4e0e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5f88\u591a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u73b0\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8f83\u5c11\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c6\u89d2\u9884\u6d4b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e91\u7aef\u5316\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u96c6\u6210\u7b49\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u524d\u6cbf\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
\n
4.3.2 \u7a81\u51fa\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7684\u65f6\u6548\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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4.3.3\u00a0\u4f53\u73b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6280\u672f\u6559\u6750\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7279\u5f81<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n
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